Lightning is not only a spectacular natural phenomenon but also a significant source of atmospheric pollution by nitrogen oxides (NOx), comparable in impact to vehicle emissions. According to the study, lightning contributes 10–15% of the world’s NOx emissions.
Using NASA’s TEMPO satellite in high-frequency mode—collecting data every 10 minutes—researchers were able, for the first time, to trace how much nitrogen dioxide each lightning strike produces and how long these gases persist after a storm. Data on lightning flashes from NOAA helped refine calculations and assess their impact on climate and air quality.
“With better data, we can create more accurate forecasts and potentially find improved ways to protect human health and the environment from both natural and anthropogenic pollution,” explained Professor Dale Allen.
Lightning generates temperatures high enough to break apart nitrogen and oxygen molecules, producing nitrogen oxides. These gases rise to the upper layers of the atmosphere, where they stimulate ozone formation—a greenhouse gas that contributes to planetary warming. At the same time, lightning produces hydroxyl radicals, which help cleanse the atmosphere by breaking down methane and other pollutants.
Researchers note that the effect of lightning is particularly pronounced in summer when thunderstorms are more intense. The amount of nitrogen oxides varies from strike to strike: on average, about 250 moles per flash, but during intense storms, this number can differ significantly.
The study emphasizes that lightning is not only a striking natural display but also a crucial factor in the global balance of pollutants and climate processes, now measurable with unprecedented precision in climate models.
