In the northwest of Kenya lives the Turkana people, who have adapted to life in one of the planet’s most arid regions. Their diet consists almost entirely of meat, milk, and blood from their livestock, yet, contrary to expectations, these nomads remain healthy. Scientists have discovered that the secret lies in special genetic mutations.
Researchers from Vanderbilt University, along with colleagues from international scientific centers, analyzed blood and urine samples from 308 Turkana individuals, some of whom maintain their nomadic lifestyle while others have relocated to cities. As reported by Science Alert, the results were striking.
The Turkana diet is 80% animal-based, consisting of meat, fats, and proteins. For most people, such a diet would lead to serious health problems, including gout and kidney disease. However, the Turkana show no such disorders.
“If we switched to the Turkana diet, we would very quickly face health problems. But these nomads have been eating this way for generations, and their bodies have adapted,” explained biologist Julien Ayroles.
The scientists identified eight robust differences in the DNA of the Turkana people. Among them, the STC1 gene, which is responsible for water retention by the kidneys, drew particular attention. The researchers believe this genetic feature protects the body from dehydration and the harmful effects of excessive protein and purine consumption.
Interestingly, this evolutionary adaptation could become a problem for those who leave the desert and move to cities. Under conditions of altered lifestyle and diet, the Turkana’s genetic advantages may, on the contrary, increase the risk of chronic diseases.
According to the scientists, this research vividly demonstrates the phenomenon of “evolutionary mismatch,” where adaptations beneficial in one environment become detrimental in another.
